<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nsojout</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Строительство: наука и образование</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Construction: Science and Education</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2305-5502</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ФГБОУ ВО «Национальный исследовательский Московский государственный строительный университет»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22227/2305-5502.2025.1.22</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nsojout-248</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Строительные конструкции. Основания и фундаменты. Технология и организация строительства. Проектирование зданий и сооружений. Инженерные изыскания и обследование зданий</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Building structures. Soils and foundations. Technology and organization of construction. Designing of buildings and constructions. Engineering survey and inspection of buildings</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Инновации и изобретения в области инженерной геологии</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Innovation and invention in geotechnical engineering</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Байкал</surname><given-names>Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Baykal</surname><given-names>Gökhan</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гёхан Байкал</p><p>34342, Бебек, г. Стамбул</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Gökhan Baykal </p><p>34342, Bebek, Istanbul</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">baykal@bogazici.edu.tr</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Университет Богазичи<country>Турция</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Bogazici University<country>Turkey</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>31</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>201</fpage><lpage>215</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Байкал Г., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Байкал Г.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Baykal G.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.nso-journal.ru/jour/article/view/248">https://www.nso-journal.ru/jour/article/view/248</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Инженерная геология — благоприятная среда для инноваций из-за своей междисциплинарной природы и разных способов взаимодействия с почвой с момента зарождения самых древних цивилизаций. Для изобретений и инноваций необходимы идеи, свободные от стереотипов, не страшащиеся ошибок, любознательные, продуктивные, разнообразные и творческие. Анатолийские цивилизации доказали свою креативность и инновационность тысячи лет назад, создав великие геотехнические инженерные сооружения.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. В Университете Богазичи разработаны шесть инновационных приложений: повышение несущей способности сваи с помощью известкового раствора; уплотненная глиняная облицовка с добавлением резины для подземных нефтяных резервуаров; производство геоматериалов путем гранулирования; уплотнение золы уноса с помощью льда; многоцелевой аппарат для испытаний на прямой сдвиг; многоцелевая фрикционная свая с регулируемой жесткостью. Основная цель разработок — предложить экологически безопасные, недорогие, устойчивые и жизнеспособные инженерно-геологические решения, доступные в любой стране мира и реализуемые на местах.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Предлагаемые методы практичны, они обладают техническими преимуществами перед существующими более сложными методами и не требуют специализированной дорогостоящей строительной техники. Инновационные методы могут создать добавленную стоимость в области инженерной геологии, они совместимы с природой, легкодоступны и устойчивы.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. Для развития творческих мыслей в классическом образовании, особенно на уровне докторантуры, вместо стандартных идей, готовых программных пакетов и диссертаций по внедрению следует уделять особое внимание творческим проектам с мощной научной составляющей, в которых зарождаются новые идеи и поощряются инновации.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Geotechnical engineering creates a positive environment for innovation due to its multidisciplinary nature and the fact that people have been involved with the soil in every aspect since the establishment of the first civilizations. For invention and innovation, there is a need for ideas that are free from stereotypes, unafraid of making mistakes, inquisitive, productive, diverse and creative. Anatolian civilizations proved their creativity and innovation thousands of years ago with great geotechnical engineering structures.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. Six innovative applications developed at Bogazici University: improvement of pile shaft capacity with lime slurry; rubber added compacted clay liner for underground petroleum tanks; geomaterial production by cold bonding pelletization; compaction of fly ash by using ice; large size large displacement multiple purpose direct shear test apparatus; multiple friction joint pile with adjustable stiffness are presented in this paper. The main objective of the developed methods is to offer environmentaly safe, affordable, sustainable and resillient geotechnical engineering solutions that are accessible to every country in the world and can be easily implemented locally.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The developed methods are practical and have technical advantages over the existing more complicated methods and do not need specialized high cost construction eqipment. Innovative methods can create added value in geotechnical engineering that is compatible with nature, easily accessible and sustainable.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. In order to develop creative ideas, during academic education, especially at the doctoral level, instead of stereotyped ideas, ready-made package software and implementation theses, creative projects with strong scientific aspects should be emphasized where new ideas are produced and innovation is encouraged.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>инженерная геология</kwd><kwd>земляные сооружения периода ранних цивилизаций</kwd><kwd>творчество</kwd><kwd>изобретательство</kwd><kwd>инновации</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>geotechnical engineering</kwd><kwd>earth structures from early civlilizations</kwd><kwd>creativity</kwd><kwd>inventiveness</kwd><kwd>innovation</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="ru"><funding-statement>Представленные исследования выполнены под руководством свыше тридцати аспирантов и магистрантов, преданность делу и усердная работа которых получила высокую оценку. Один проект поддержан Турецким советом по научным исследованиям TUBITAK, остальные — грантами на научно-исследовательские проекты Университета Богазичи, авторы высоко ценят поддержку TUBITAK и офиса Bogazici BAP.</funding-statement></funding-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>The presented studies are completed under by supervision by more than thirty PhD and MSc students and their dedication and hard work is appreciated. One project is supported by TUBITAK Turkish Scientific Research Council, and the others are financially supported as Bogazici University Scientific Research Project grants and the support of TUBITAK and Bogazici BAP office is appreciated.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ata A., O'Neill M.W., Baykal G., Kalinski M., Stokoe K. Exploratory Study of Lime-Slurry Conditioning for Drilled Shafts. National Science Foundation Report No: CMS-9615020. Washington DC, 1998.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ata A., O'Neill M.W., Baykal G., Kalinski M., Stokoe K. Exploratory Study of Lime-Slurry Conditioning for Drilled Shafts. National Science Foundation Report No: CMS-9615020. Washington DC, 1998.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ata A., O'Neill M.W., Baykal G. Enhancement of Side Resistance in Bored Piles with Lime. Proceedings of the Fifteenth Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. 2001; 2:839-842.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ata A., O'Neill M.W., Baykal G. Enhancement of Side Resistance in Bored Piles with Lime. Proceedings of the Fifteenth Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. 2001; 2:839-842.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baykal G., Sahtiyanci M., Ata A., O'Neill M.W. Improvement of Bored Pile-Soil Interface by Lime Stabilization. Seventh National Congress on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering. 1998.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baykal G., Sahtiyanci M., Ata A., O'Neill M.W. Improvement of Bored Pile-Soil Interface by Lime Stabilization. Seventh National Congress on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering. 1998.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baykal G., Metehan T. The Effect of Lime Treatment on the Shear Strength Parameters of the Clay-Concrete Interface. 81th TRB Annual Meeting. Washington DC, 2002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baykal G., Metehan T. The Effect of Lime Treatment on the Shear Strength Parameters of the Clay-Concrete Interface. 81th TRB Annual Meeting. Washington DC, 2002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baykal G. Patent/utility model. Rubber-Soil Impermeable Liner. (Examiner: Austrian Patent Office No: TR 182/95. Grantee: Turkish Patent Office, No: 92/0665). 1995.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baykal G. Patent/utility model. Rubber-Soil Impermeable Liner. (Examiner: Austrian Patent Office No: TR 182/95. Grantee: Turkish Patent Office, No: 92/0665). 1995.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baykal G. Permeability of Rubber Soil Liners under Confinement. ASCE Special Technical Publication. 1995; 46:718-731.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baykal G. Permeability of Rubber Soil Liners under Confinement. ASCE Special Technical Publication. 1995; 46:718-731.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baykal G., Yesiller N., Koprulu K. Rubber-Clay Liners against Petroleum based Contaminants. Environmental Geotechnology. Balkema, Rotterdam, 1992; 477-481.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baykal G., Yesiller N., Koprulu K. Rubber-Clay Liners against Petroleum based Contaminants. Environmental Geotechnology. Balkema, Rotterdam, 1992; 477-481.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baykal. G., Köprülü K. Rubber Added Fly Ash Base and Subbase in Highway Construction. 10th Fly Ash Utilization Symposium. 1993.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baykal. G., Köprülü K. Rubber Added Fly Ash Base and Subbase in Highway Construction. 10th Fly Ash Utilization Symposium. 1993.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baykal G., Koprulu K. Rubber Added Fly Ash for Underground Petroleum Tanks. ACI Special Publication. 1995; 153:549-560.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baykal G., Koprulu K. Rubber Added Fly Ash for Underground Petroleum Tanks. ACI Special Publication. 1995; 153:549-560.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baykal G., Kavak A., Alpatli M. Rubber-Kaolinite and Rubber-Bentonite Liners. Balkema, Rotterdam, 1995; 399-404.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baykal G., Kavak A., Alpatli M. Rubber-Kaolinite and Rubber-Bentonite Liners. Balkema, Rotterdam, 1995; 399-404.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baykal G., Alpatli M. Permeability of Rubber-Soil Liners Under Confinement. ASCE, 2000; 1:718-731.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baykal G., Alpatli M. Permeability of Rubber-Soil Liners Under Confinement. ASCE, 2000; 1:718-731.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baykal G., Ozkul Z. The Effect of Stress on the Hydraulic Conductivity of Rubber Soil Liners Permeated with Gasoline. Proceedings of the Fifteenth Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. 2001; 3:1955-1958.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baykal G., Ozkul Z. The Effect of Stress on the Hydraulic Conductivity of Rubber Soil Liners Permeated with Gasoline. Proceedings of the Fifteenth Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. 2001; 3:1955-1958.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baykal G., Yesiller N., Köprülü K. Rubber-Clay Liners against Petroleum based Contaminants. Balkema Publishers, Roterdam, 1992.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baykal G., Yesiller N., Köprülü K. Rubber-Clay Liners against Petroleum based Contaminants. Balkema Publishers, Roterdam, 1992.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Edinçliler A., Baykal G., Dengili K. Determination of Static and Dynamic Behavior of Recycled Materials for Highways. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2004; 42.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Edinçliler A., Baykal G., Dengili K. Determination of Static and Dynamic Behavior of Recycled Materials for Highways. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2004; 42.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Edinçliler A., Baykal G., Saygili A. Influence of Different Processing Techniques on the Mechanical Properties of Used Tires in Embankment Construction. Waste Management. 2010; 30(6):1073-1080.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Edinçliler A., Baykal G., Saygili A. Influence of Different Processing Techniques on the Mechanical Properties of Used Tires in Embankment Construction. Waste Management. 2010; 30(6):1073-1080.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ozkul Z.H., Baykal G. Shear Behavior of Compacted Fibre-Clay Composite in Drained and Undrained Loading. ASCE, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering. 2007; 133:767-781.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ozkul Z.H., Baykal G. Shear Behavior of Compacted Fibre-Clay Composite in Drained and Undrained Loading. ASCE, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering. 2007; 133:767-781.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ozkul Z.H., Baykal G. Shear Behavior of Clay with Rubber Fibre Inclusions. Geosynthetics International. 2006; 13(5).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ozkul Z.H., Baykal G. Shear Behavior of Clay with Rubber Fibre Inclusions. Geosynthetics International. 2006; 13(5).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arslan H., Baykal G. Analyzing the Crushing of Granular Materials by Sound Analysis Technique. Journal of Testing and Evaluation. 2006; 34(6):464-470.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arslan H., Baykal G. Analyzing the Crushing of Granular Materials by Sound Analysis Technique. Journal of Testing and Evaluation. 2006; 34(6):464-470.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arslan H., Baykal G. Utilization of Fly Ash as Engineering Pellet Aggregates. Environmental Geology. 2006; 50:761-770.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arslan H., Baykal G. Utilization of Fly Ash as Engineering Pellet Aggregates. Environmental Geology. 2006; 50:761-770.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arslan H., Baykal G., Sture S. Analysis of the Influence of Crushing on the Behavior of Granular Materials under Shear. Granular Matter. 2009; 11:87-97.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arslan H., Baykal G., Sture S. Analysis of the Influence of Crushing on the Behavior of Granular Materials under Shear. Granular Matter. 2009; 11:87-97.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Danyıldız E., Baykal G. Use of Manufactured Pellet Aggregates to Study the Effect of Aggregate Crushing on Strength and Deformation Behavior at the Concrete-Soil Interface. Characterization and Behavior of Interfaces. 2008; 139-147.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Danyıldız E., Baykal G. Use of Manufactured Pellet Aggregates to Study the Effect of Aggregate Crushing on Strength and Deformation Behavior at the Concrete-Soil Interface. Characterization and Behavior of Interfaces. 2008; 139-147.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baykal G., Döven A.G. Utilization of Fly Ash by Pelletization Process; Theory Application Areas and Research Results. Resources Conservation and Recycling Journal. 2000; 30:59-77.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baykal G., Döven A.G. Utilization of Fly Ash by Pelletization Process; Theory Application Areas and Research Results. Resources Conservation and Recycling Journal. 2000; 30:59-77.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baykal G., Danyildiz E. Use of Manufactured Pellet Aggregates to Study the Effect of Aggregate Crushing on Strength and Deformation Behavior at the Concrete-Soil Interface. Transportation Research Board 89 th Annual Meeting. Washington, USA, 2010.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baykal G., Danyildiz E. Use of Manufactured Pellet Aggregates to Study the Effect of Aggregate Crushing on Strength and Deformation Behavior at the Concrete-Soil Interface. Transportation Research Board 89 th Annual Meeting. Washington, USA, 2010.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baykal G., Erdurak M.C. Artificial Sand Production for Geotechnical Uses. Proceedings of Advances in Ground Technology and Geo Information IS-AGTG. Singapore, 2011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baykal G., Erdurak M.C. Artificial Sand Production for Geotechnical Uses. Proceedings of Advances in Ground Technology and Geo Information IS-AGTG. Singapore, 2011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baykal G. Pelletizing powder wastes for geotechnical applications; pelletize-dispose-utilize (PDU) strategy. International Symposium on Testing and Specification of Recycled Materials for Sustainable Geotechnical Construction. Baltimore, USA, 2011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baykal G. Pelletizing powder wastes for geotechnical applications; pelletize-dispose-utilize (PDU) strategy. International Symposium on Testing and Specification of Recycled Materials for Sustainable Geotechnical Construction. Baltimore, USA, 2011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baykal G. Mechanics of Manufactured Soil Using Powder Wastes. Proceedings of 16th International Conference of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. Paris, 2013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baykal G. Mechanics of Manufactured Soil Using Powder Wastes. Proceedings of 16th International Conference of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. Paris, 2013.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baykal G. Three techiques for the study of soil structure interface properties; 3D roughness parameter; contact stress mapping; artificially manufactured sand. Proceedings of Soil Structure Interaction; Underground Structures and Retaining Walls; ISSMGE TC 207 International Conference in Geotechnical Engineering. St. Petersburg, 2015; 119.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baykal G. Three techiques for the study of soil structure interface properties; 3D roughness parameter; contact stress mapping; artificially manufactured sand. Proceedings of Soil Structure Interaction; Underground Structures and Retaining Walls; ISSMGE TC 207 International Conference in Geotechnical Engineering. St. Petersburg, 2015; 119.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Takmaz U., Baykal G. Evaluation of dynamic properties of artificial sands produced from fly ash. ZMGM16. Erzurum, 2016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Takmaz U., Baykal G. Evaluation of dynamic properties of artificial sands produced from fly ash. ZMGM16. Erzurum, 2016.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baykal G. Strength Improvement of Fly Ash Using Ice. 11th International Symposium on Coal Ash Use and Management. American Coal Association and Energy Production Research Institute, Orlando, 1995; 67-71.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baykal G. Strength Improvement of Fly Ash Using Ice. 11th International Symposium on Coal Ash Use and Management. American Coal Association and Energy Production Research Institute, Orlando, 1995; 67-71.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baykal G. Compacted Fly Ash-Ice for Low Cost Housing Projects. XXIV IAHS World Housing Congress. Ankara, 1996; 644-651.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baykal G. Compacted Fly Ash-Ice for Low Cost Housing Projects. XXIV IAHS World Housing Congress. Ankara, 1996; 644-651.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baykal G., Mehmetoglu D. Utilization of Fly Ash as Highway Safety Barriers. Twelfth International Symposium on Management and Use of Coal Combustion Byproducts. Orlando, 1997.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baykal G., Mehmetoglu D. Utilization of Fly Ash as Highway Safety Barriers. Twelfth International Symposium on Management and Use of Coal Combustion Byproducts. Orlando, 1997.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baykal G., Edincliler A., Saygılı A. Highway Embankment Construction Using Fly Ash in Cold Regions. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2004; 42(3):209-222.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baykal G., Edincliler A., Saygılı A. Highway Embankment Construction Using Fly Ash in Cold Regions. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2004; 42(3):209-222.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baykal G., Saygili A. A New Technique to Reduce the Radioactivity of Fly Ash Utilized in The Construction Industry. Fuel. 2011; 90:1612-1617.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baykal G., Saygili A. A New Technique to Reduce the Radioactivity of Fly Ash Utilized in The Construction Industry. Fuel. 2011; 90:1612-1617.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baykal G., Saygili A. A New Technique to Improve Freeze Thaw Durability of Fly Ash. Fuel. 2012; 102:221-226.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baykal G., Saygili A. A New Technique to Improve Freeze Thaw Durability of Fly Ash. Fuel. 2012; 102:221-226.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baykal G. Compaction of Pozzolanic Material Using Snow to Solve Permafrost Thawing Problems in Highway and Railway Embankment Construction. The First International Symposium on Transportation Soil Engineering in Cold Regions. Xining, China, 2013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baykal G. Compaction of Pozzolanic Material Using Snow to Solve Permafrost Thawing Problems in Highway and Railway Embankment Construction. The First International Symposium on Transportation Soil Engineering in Cold Regions. Xining, China, 2013.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baykal G. Use of Fly Ash with no Water Consumption for Cold Regions Transportation Infrastructure. Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions Journal. 2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baykal G. Use of Fly Ash with no Water Consumption for Cold Regions Transportation Infrastructure. Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions Journal. 2015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Saygili A., Baykal G. A new method for improving the thermal insulation properties of fly ash. Energy and Buildings. 2011; 3236-3242.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saygili A., Baykal G. A new method for improving the thermal insulation properties of fly ash. Energy and Buildings. 2011; 3236-3242.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Akkol O., Baykal G. A New Test Device and Method: Geotextile-Soil Interface Cylindrical Test (GICT). Proceedings of the Fifteenth Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. 2001; 2:1547-1550.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Akkol O., Baykal G. A New Test Device and Method: Geotextile-Soil Interface Cylindrical Test (GICT). Proceedings of the Fifteenth Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. 2001; 2:1547-1550.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baykal G., Dadasbilge O. Experimental Investigation of Pull-Out Resistance of Uniaxial Geogrids. Proceedings of the 4th Regional Conference on Geosynthetics in Shanghai. 2008; 174-178.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baykal G., Dadasbilge O. Experimental Investigation of Pull-Out Resistance of Uniaxial Geogrids. Proceedings of the 4th Regional Conference on Geosynthetics in Shanghai. 2008; 174-178.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baykal G. Pressure Mapping System for Geosynthetic Interfaces. IGS World conference. Berlin, 2014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baykal G. Pressure Mapping System for Geosynthetic Interfaces. IGS World conference. Berlin, 2014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baykal G. Interface Interaction. XVII ECSMGE Conference. Edinburg, 2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baykal G. Interface Interaction. XVII ECSMGE Conference. Edinburg, 2015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baykal G. Implementation of Pneumatic Muscles in Geotechnical Laboratory Equipment Development. 4th International Conference on New Developments in Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. Near East University, Nicosia, 2016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baykal G. Implementation of Pneumatic Muscles in Geotechnical Laboratory Equipment Development. 4th International Conference on New Developments in Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. Near East University, Nicosia, 2016.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baykal G. Contact Stress Mapping in Geotechnical 4th International Conference on New Developments in Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. Near East University, Nicosia, 2016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baykal G. Contact Stress Mapping in Geotechnical 4th International Conference on New Developments in Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. Near East University, Nicosia, 2016.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baykal G. Large Displacement, Constant Contact Area Geosynthetic-Soil Interface Direct Shear Test Device. 6th European Geosynthetics Congress. Ljubljana, 2016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baykal G. Large Displacement, Constant Contact Area Geosynthetic-Soil Interface Direct Shear Test Device. 6th European Geosynthetics Congress. Ljubljana, 2016.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baykal G., Keklik A., Elmas B. The Interface Behavior of Smoth and Textured Geomembrane at Low Confinement and Large Displacement. 7th National Geosynthetics Conference. Istanbul, 2017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baykal G., Keklik A., Elmas B. The Interface Behavior of Smoth and Textured Geomembrane at Low Confinement and Large Displacement. 7th National Geosynthetics Conference. Istanbul, 2017.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baykal G. Strain and Stress Controlled Geosynthetic Interface Testing. 11th International Conference on Geosynthetics. Seoul, 2018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baykal G. Strain and Stress Controlled Geosynthetic Interface Testing. 11th International Conference on Geosynthetics. Seoul, 2018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yasser I.O.Y. An Experimental Study on the Behavior of Segmental Pile with Variable Stifness : PhD Thesis. Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, 2013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yasser I.O.Y. An Experimental Study on the Behavior of Segmental Pile with Variable Stifness : PhD Thesis. Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, 2013.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Akbaşak S. A Study on Pile Group with Adjustable Rigidity Subjected to Large Horizontal Displacement : M.Sc. Thesis. Boğaziçi University.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Akbaşak S. A Study on Pile Group with Adjustable Rigidity Subjected to Large Horizontal Displacement : M.Sc. Thesis. Boğaziçi University.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baykal G. USPTO Patent, Multiple Friction Joint Pile System. US 11629473 B2. 2023.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baykal G. USPTO Patent, Multiple Friction Joint Pile System. US 11629473 B2. 2023.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baykal G. Development of Soil-Structure Interface Testing System Using Pneumatic Muscles. BAP 5580 Project. Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, 2015</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baykal G. Development of Soil-Structure Interface Testing System Using Pneumatic Muscles. BAP 5580 Project. Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, 2015</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baykal G. Development of Segmental Pile. BAP D6389 Project. Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, 2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baykal G. Development of Segmental Pile. BAP D6389 Project. Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, 2015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baykal G. Large Displacement-Constant Contact Area Geosynthetic Soil Interface Direct Shear Test Device. Eurogeo6, European Geosynthetics Conference. Ljubljana, 2016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baykal G. Large Displacement-Constant Contact Area Geosynthetic Soil Interface Direct Shear Test Device. Eurogeo6, European Geosynthetics Conference. Ljubljana, 2016.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baykal G. The Behavior of Segmental Piles with Adjustable Rigidity Subjected to Large Displacements. BAP 13401 Project. Bogazici University, 2019.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baykal G. The Behavior of Segmental Piles with Adjustable Rigidity Subjected to Large Displacements. BAP 13401 Project. Bogazici University, 2019.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dadaşbilge O. Unpublished Thesis Progress Report. Bogazici University, 2018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dadaşbilge O. Unpublished Thesis Progress Report. Bogazici University, 2018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Keklik A. An Experimental Study on the Behavior of Segmental Model Piles Under Static Lateral Loading : M.Sc. Thesis. Boğaziçi University, 2020.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Keklik A. An Experimental Study on the Behavior of Segmental Model Piles Under Static Lateral Loading : M.Sc. Thesis. Boğaziçi University, 2020.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ozturk B. Implementation of Stress Mapping Techniques in Geotechnical Applications : M.Sc. Thesis. Boğaziçi University, 2020.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ozturk B. Implementation of Stress Mapping Techniques in Geotechnical Applications : M.Sc. Thesis. Boğaziçi University, 2020.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit57"><label>57</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Saidy M.F. A Study on the Multiple Friction Joint Tension Piles Subjected to Large Horizontal Displacements : M.Sc. Thesis. Boğaziçi University, 2021.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saidy M.F. A Study on the Multiple Friction Joint Tension Piles Subjected to Large Horizontal Displacements : M.Sc. Thesis. Boğaziçi University, 2021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit58"><label>58</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sengez M. Lateral Capacity of Segmental Model Piles Under Cyclic Loading : M.Sc. Thesis. Boğaziçi University, 2019.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sengez M. Lateral Capacity of Segmental Model Piles Under Cyclic Loading : M.Sc. Thesis. Boğaziçi University, 2019.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit59"><label>59</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Michalko M. Cracking Creativity. Ten Speed Press, Berkeley, California, 2001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Michalko M. Cracking Creativity. Ten Speed Press, Berkeley, California, 2001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit60"><label>60</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baykal G. Are Accrediaton Requirements Satisfactory for Civil Engineering Education? Chamber of Civil Engineers IMO. Muğla, 2014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baykal G. Are Accrediaton Requirements Satisfactory for Civil Engineering Education? Chamber of Civil Engineers IMO. Muğla, 2014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
