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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nsojout</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Строительство: наука и образование</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Construction: Science and Education</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2305-5502</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ФГБОУ ВО «Национальный исследовательский Московский государственный строительный университет»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22227/2305-5502.2026.2.1</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nsojout-362</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Строительные конструкции. Основания и фундаменты. Технология и организация строительства. Проектирование зданий и сооружений. Инженерные изыскания и обследование зданий</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Building structures. Soils and foundations. Technology and organization of construction. Designing of buildings and constructions. Engineering survey and inspection of buildings</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Влияние траектории разгрузки грунта на напряженно-деформированное состояние каменно-набросной плотины</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Effect of the soil unloading path on the stress-strain state of a rockfill dam</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1139-3164</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Саинов</surname><given-names>М. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sainov</surname><given-names>M. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Михаил Петрович Саинов — доктор технических наук, доцент, заведующий кафедрой энергетических и гидротехнических сооружений</p><p>111250, г. Москва, ул. Красноказарменная, д. 14, стр. 1</p><p>Scopus: 6506150284</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mikhail P. Sainov — Doctor of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Power Build and Hydraulic Structures</p><p>build. 1, 14 Krasnokazarmennaya st., Moscow, 111250</p><p>Scopus: 6506150284</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">SainovMP@mpei.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9424-9661</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Талалаев</surname><given-names>Н. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Talalaev</surname><given-names>N. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Никита Сергеевич Талалаев — аспирант кафедры гидравлики и гидротехнического строительства</p><p>129337, г. Москва, Ярославское шоссе, д. 26</p><p>РИНЦ AuthorID: 1227780, Scopus: 59319522100, ResearcherID: PNG-6395-2026</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nikita S. Talalaev — postgraduate student of the Department of Hydraulics and Hydrotechnical Engineering</p><p>26 Yaroslavskoe shosse, Moscow, 129337</p><p>RSCI AuthorID: 1227780, Scopus: 59319522100, ResearcherID: PNG-6395-2026</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">talalaevnicita@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный исследовательский университет «МЭИ» (НИУ «МЭИ»)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>National Research University “Moscow Power Engineering Institute” (MPEI)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный исследовательский Московский государственный строительный университет (НИУ МГСУ)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (National Research University) (MGSU)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>16</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>6</fpage><lpage>25</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Саинов М.П., Талалаев Н.С., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Саинов М.П., Талалаев Н.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Sainov M.P., Talalaev N.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.nso-journal.ru/jour/article/view/362">https://www.nso-journal.ru/jour/article/view/362</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Деформирование грунтов имеет нелинейный, упругопластический характер. Поэтому моделирование напряженно-деформированного состояния (НДС) высоких грунтовых плотин обязательно выполняют с применением нелинейных моделей механики грунтов (Мора – Кулона, упрочняющегося грунта и др.). Одним из важнейших проявлений нелинейности деформирования грунтов является различие характера деформаций для двух траекторий нагружения: при разгрузке обычно возникают только упругие деформации, а при активном нагружении — упругопластические. По мере нагружения область упругого деформирования увеличивается, этот эффект принято называть упрочнением. Однако не во всех нелинейных моделях, в частности в модели Мора – Кулона, учитывается этот эффект. Выполнены исследования по оценке степени влияния эффекта упрочнения на результаты численного моделирования НДС грунтовой плотины.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Расчеты проводились с помощью программного комплекса PLAXIS на примере однородной каменно-набросной плотины высотой 100 м. Использовалась линейная модель идеальной пластичности с условием прочности Кулона – Мора. Для выявления влияния эффекта сравнивались результаты расчета НДС для двух вариантов — с учетом наличия траектории разгрузки и без ее учета. Учет наличия области упругого деформирования осуществлялся с помощью поверхности пластичности.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Исследование показало, что учет эффекта упрочнения кардинально изменяет результаты численного моделирования НДС грунтовой плотины. В процессе восприятия гидростатического давления часть грунта плотины испытывает не активное нагружение, а разгрузку. Учет этого эффекта упрочнения привел к уменьшению горизонтальных смещений плотины от гидростатического давления примерно в 2 раза. Кроме того, при учете эффекта упрочнения значительно повышается прогнозная оценка устойчивости плотины с диафрагмой — существенно снижается риск потери сдвиговой прочности и образования массива обрушения в ее верховой упорной призме.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. Применение для расчетов НДС грунтовых плотин моделей, не учитывающих эффект упрочнения грунта, например модели Мора – Кулона, недопустимо. Оно не только снижает запас несущей способности плотины, но сильно искажает результаты численного моделирования.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Soil deformation exhibits a non-linear elastic-plastic behaviour. Consequently, modelling of the stress-strain state (SSS) of high embankment dams is necessarily carried out using non-linear rock mechanics models (Mohr – Coulomb, soil hardening and others). One of the key manifestations of the non-linearity of soil deformation is the different nature of deformations under two loading scenarios: during unloading, typically only elastic deformations occur, whereas during active loading, elastic-plastic deformations take place. During loading, the area of elastic deformation increases; this effect is commonly referred to as hardening. However, not all non-linear models, specifically the Mohr – Coulomb model, take this effect into account. This paper presents studies on estimating the extent to which the hardening effect influences the results of numerical modelling of the SSS of embankment dams.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. The analysis was carried out using the PLAXIS software package, using a homogeneous 100-high rockfill dam as an example. A linear model of ideal plasticity with the Mohr – Coulomb strength state condition was employed. To determine the extent of the effect, the results of SSS analysis were compared for two scenarios: one taking into account the existing unloading trajectory and one without it. The existing area of elastic deformation was accounted for using a plasticity surface.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The investigation showed that taking the hardening effect into account radically alters the results of SSS numerical modelling of the rockfill dam. When subjected to hydrostatic pressure, part of the dam soil is not under active loading but is instead unloaded. Taking this hardening effect into account led to an approximately twofold reduction in the horizontal displacements of the dam caused by hydrostatic pressure. Furthermore, when the hardening effect is taken into account, the predicted stability of the dam with a diaphragm increases significantly; the risk of loss of shear strength and the formation of a collapse mass in its upstream face decreases considerably.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. The use of models that do not account for the soil hardening, such as the Mohr – Coulomb model, in SSS analyses of embankment dams is not permitted. Such models not only underestimate the dam’s load-bearing capacity margin but also significantly distort the numerical simulation results.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>каменно-набросная плотина</kwd><kwd>напряженно-деформированное состояние</kwd><kwd>разгрузка</kwd><kwd>упрочнение</kwd><kwd>модель Мора – Кулона</kwd><kwd>модель упрочняющегося грунта</kwd><kwd>устойчивость</kwd><kwd>поверхность пластичности</kwd><kwd>численное моделирование</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>rockfill dam</kwd><kwd>stress-strain state</kwd><kwd>unloading</kwd><kwd>hardening</kwd><kwd>Mohr – Coulomb model</kwd><kwd>Hardening Soil Model</kwd><kwd>stability</kwd><kwd>yield surface</kwd><kwd>numerical simulation</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wen L., Chai J., Xu Z., Qin Y., Li Y. 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