Интеллектуальные и многофункциональные материалы нового поколения для экологичного строительства

Введение. Быстрая урбанизация и необходимость декарбонизации застроенной среды сделали здания критически важной сферой для обеспечения устойчивости и климатической устойчивости с помощью материалов. По мере того как здания превращаются из статических потребителей энергии в адаптивные и ориентированные на производительность системы, достижения в области материалов нового поколения переопределяют вклад конструктивных элементов и элементов ограждающих конструкций в энергоэффективность, функциональность и интеллектуальное управление.

Материалы и методы. Обобщены последние достижения в области интеллектуальных и многофункциональных материалов, включая термоадаптивные системы, архитектурно-механические метаматериалы и функциональные композиты, собирающие энергию, которые позволяют встроить в строительные материалы датчики, средства преобразования энергии и адаптивные механизмы реагирования.

Результаты. Особое внимание уделяется материалам с фазовым переходом для терморегулирования, механическим метаматериалам с инженерной геометрией для гашения вибраций и механической адаптивности, а также трибо-электрическим, пьезоэлектрическим и термоэлектрическим композитам, которые поддерживают распределенное извлечение энергии и автономное зондирование. Эти материальные системы позволяют зданиям функционировать как энергоактивные и информационно-осознанные инфраструктуры, а не как пассивные структурные объекты. Рассматриваются функциональное поведение, реакция на окружающую среду и значимость характеристик систем интеллектуальных материалов для применения в строительстве.

Выводы. Обобщая последние достижения и определяя критически важные функции на уровне материалов, намечены пути будущего развития интеллектуальных, низкоуглеродных и устойчивых к изменению климата зданий, которые становятся возможными благодаря передовым системам интеллектуальных материалов.

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