Introduction.

The integrated and sustainable development of urban areas within the framework of urban planning is based on the principle of effective use and is embodied in urban planning solutions. Characteristic aspects of appropriate urban planning solutions encompass various technical, technological, social, environmental, economic issues and development peculiarities of urban areas and buildings. Urban planning solutions, developed for areas and buildings in need of an effective management and evaluation system and a comfortable and safe urban environment, are the subject of this research. The purpose of the research is to develop an approach to organizing the development and selection of optimal urban planning solutions towards the development and transformation of areas and buildings.

Materials and methods.

Due to its complexity, urban planning goes beyond traditional design and construction and needs sound and effective organization and management methods. Within the framework of this approach, organizational models of development, implementation and optimization of urban planning solutions must have the following components: object and subject of control, parameters of regulatory influence, information and technical support. Towards this end, the list of applications of urban planning solutions, their composition and characteristics are presented. Research methods include structural and functional analysis.

Results.

The authors have discovered that the effective management of urban planning solutions requires an information model of built-up areas that will be updated and upgraded on an ongoing basis. The mathematical description of the process of selecting optimal urban planning solutions is presented.

Conclusions.

The list of provisions, formulated by the authors, establishes a scientific rationale for the development and implementation of investment programmes and projects focused on the reengineering of areas and buildings, their composition and structure, establishes an effective regime and configuration of flows of regulatory impacts within the framework of urban planning activities, as well as the preconditions (conditions) of organizing the development and selection of optimal urban planning solutions.

Introduction.

It is necessary to learn the wind speed distribution and its impact on facades to study the aeration characteristics of a built-up area. An important task is to assess an increase in the heat loss from a building. In addition, the building itself, its shape and location have a significant impact on the nature of the air flow. The wind speed and direction change near a building; there is strong eddying around it, depending on the shape in plan and the volumetric-spatial solution. A built-up area, accommodating different layouts of buildings, also affects the nature of the air flow.

Materials and methods.

Methods of theoretical, field studies of the aeration of buildings were adopted to identify the influence of different terrains on the nature of air flows. Domestic and foreign methods of scientific research have been analyzed. The methodology that allows predicting the aeration pattern in curtilages has been developed.

Results.

Approaches to the problem of improving the environment in terms of studying methods of aerodynamic calculations, used in structural aerodynamics, are considered. The purposeful statement of theoretical and experimental researches, focused on developing an effective method for the calculation of natural aeration of buildings is outlined. The intensity of air exchange between indoor and outdoor environments under the wind pressure, wind loads on buildings, aeration of premises, heat losses from infiltration, or air leakage through enclosing structures were identified. The designed model, simulating the formation of a circulation zone for various dimensions of buildings, wind flow velocities, and slope steepness values allows projecting the aeration in curtilages.

Conclusions.

The proposed calculation method can be used to project the aeration in curtilages and identify windless regions on the windward side of a building; it is also possible to identify the amount of air flowing in and out through the opposite windward and windward openings in the walls of buildings when they are located in the windward side of a mountain, the aeration of rooms, wind loads on buildings, and heat losses from infiltration.

Introduction.

The author has developed a method for the fatigue resistance analysis of bridge structures made of aluminum alloys subjected to polycyclic loading. The author suggests that this method should be introduced into the currently enhanced regulatory documentation focused on the analysis of highway bridges made of aluminum alloys.

Materials and methods.

The method is based on the results of integrated laboratory testing of a number of aluminum alloys 1915T, AD35 T1, 1565hM, EN AW-6082 T6 that have good prospects in terms of the production of bridge structures. Physical-mechanical and fatigue characteristics were identified in the course of the static testing of specimens of these alloys before the fatigue cracking at different values of the cycle asymmetry coefficient. The theoretical fundamentals of the method stem from the domestic research on the fatigue resistance analysis of steel structures and foreign regulatory materials on the fatigue resistance analysis of bridge structures made of aluminum alloys.

Results.

The reliability of the new method was verified in the course of static and fatigue testing of a full-scale pedestrian bridge made of 1915T alloy and orthotropic plates made of EN AW-6082 T6 alloy, designed by NRU MGSU and manufactured by the Russian plants GS-Reserve, KraMZ and Sespel using advanced innovative technologies of extrusion and friction stir welding. Discrepancies between the experimental findings and the results of the analysis, made pursuant to the proposed methodology, are within 5-20 %.

Conclusions.

The proposed method can also be applied to other types of structures made of aluminum alloys, such as tanks, pipelines, high-rise structures, and other items that are subject to multiple cyclic effects.

Introduction.

Apartment heating requires the thermal capacity of no more than 1.0-2.5 kW; hot water preparation needs 15-25 kW. Convection gas boilers cannot operate efficiently, if a change in the range of smooth modulation reaches 20 times. Discrete modulation is triggered in the heating mode, which is also accompanied by a substantial increase in greenhouse gas emissions and a sharp decline in energy efficiency. The heating of such premises requires heat generators operating in the two ranges of thermal capacity.

Materials and methods.

The author analyzes the operation of a wall-mounted convection gas boiler with an atmospheric burner equipped with a three-section manifold that ensures a smooth modulation range of 2.4-6 kW, when the boiler is in the heating mode, and the modulation range of 15-24 kW, when the boiler is in the hot water supply mode (HWS).

Results.

The author made boiler efficiency diagrams for the heating and HWS modes during the steady boiler operation; the author also made boiler diagrams for discrete modulation modes and the regular on-off switching of the boiler. A direct method, that entailed the study of the flow rates of gas and heat conductor, as well as the boiler inlet and outlet temperatures, was employed to find the energy efficiency values.

Conclusions.

The use of conventional wall-mounted gas convection boilers as a source of heating for the 60 m2 premises entails discrete capacity modulation, that causes a substantial reduction in the energy efficiency of a heating system and rises greenhouse gas emissions. The application of efficiency indicators to different modes of operation of boilers does not convey the real mode of operation of a boiler during the heating period, since it entails a substantial overestimation, while wall-mounted convection boilers, having atmospheric burners with two ranges of smooth modulation, ensure highly efficient apartment heating.

Introduction.

The requirements of current regulatory documents guarantee the quality of drinking water leaving water treatment facilities (WTF). Hence, the water, coming into water supply networks, made of steel and cast iron pipes, made of gray-cast iron, is transported to consumers. Its quality must meet the standards of GOST R (Russian National Standard) 51232-98 “Drinking water” and SanPiN (Sanitary Regulations and Norms) 1.2.3685-21 “Hygienic standards and requirements to ensure the safety and (or) harmlessness of habitat factors for people”. The aim of the study is to analyze methods of preventing secondary pollution of drinking water in water supply networks, made of metal, and to identify the most effective and practically grounded method.

Materials and methods.

The concepts of electrochemical corrosion and microbiological corrosion of the inner surface of pipes were used to perform the analysis. Three methods of preventing the formation of a layer of deposits on the inner surface of steel and gray cast-iron pipes are used in the practice of water treatment and disinfection of drinking water: the method of using strong oxidants, such as chlorine and sodium hypochlorite, for the disinfection of drinking water; the method of increasing the pH level of drinking water; the method of using chemicals to ensure the formation of a microscopic film on the surface of layers of deposits to “slow down” electrochemical and microbiological corrosion processes on the inner surface of pipes.

Results.

The authors have identified a method for preventing the secondary pollution of drinking water, time-tested by the twelve years of practical use by the operator of WTF and drinking water supply and distribution networks made of metal.

Conclusions.

The effectiveness of the method of preventing the secondary pollution of drinking water through the use of new generation reagents, made of polyhexamethyleneguanidine hydrochloride, has been proven in practice.

Introduction.

The problem of the life cycle-based assessment of cities (LC), involving systems of indicators for a smart sustainable city, is relevant. The objectives of the study include the review and analysis of existing LC-based methods in construction, housing and utilities sector (HUS), the review and analysis of systems of indicators, evaluation frameworks, benchmarking systems that exist both in the format of standards and are proposed as research developments, the review of the software used for the assessment of the LC of facilities in construction and HUS, the review of open-access databases for the LC assessment of construction and HUS, drafting a thematic plan for the training course “Life Cycle Assessment for Sustainable Cities”.

Materials and methods.

Research articles in indexed journals, standards, guidelines, and specifications were used. The search was performed using the following databases: eLIBRARY.RU, Google Scholar, Scopus, ScienceDirect, ISI Web of Knowledge, researchgate.net, standards.ru, iso.org, shop.bsigroup.com. The key words, used to search for the information, include life cycle assessment (LCA), smart sustainable cities, city assessment, sustainability assessment, environmental assessment, environmental impact, sustainability indicators, construction, housing and utilities sector (HUS).

Results.

A sample thematic plan for the training course titled “The life cycle assessment of sustainable cities” was developed on the basis of the analysis of the sources and the systematization of the information thus obtained.

Conclusions.

The research and its results show that the problem of LC-based assessment of cities, involving the use of indicator systems for smart sustainable cities, has many solutions. The goal, which was to accumulate, analyze and use the information in the training course, has been achieved. Of particular practical interest are the LCA software tools available in construction and HUS. Of great importance for the LCA are open-access databases focused on construction and HUS.

Introduction.

Nowadays people tend to follow fashion trends and wear clothes made of brightly coloured fabrics and furs. Their production requires a large set of chemical reagents, including dyes, tanning agents, surfactants, etc. Multicomponent wastewater with changeable composition is generated following the completion of the dyeing cycle and the treatment of materials. Their further processing requires advanced innovative approaches, most of which are integrative. Wastewater treatment technologies, used by dyeing and finishing facilities, are analyzed in the article. The authors present the results of the laboratory research into the development of an integrative technology for dye extraction from wastewater using a composite sorbent obtained by pelletizing dust wastes of the metallurgical industry and supplementary phytoextraction of dyes in bio-ponds.

Materials and methods.

The research was conducted in the laboratory environment. The technology entails the use of a composite porous material, made of man-made raw materials used in the production of silicon and aluminum. A pelletizing technique, proposed by the authors, is employed to make this composite material. The sorbent production technique, its characteristics and evaluation of sorption properties are presented. The phyto-sorption properties of aquatic plants were tested in the laboratory environment. Aquatic plants, growing in the Angara river, were used in the research. Plants were collected by trawl, freed from soil, washed, and grown in the laboratory aquariums filled with dechlorinated water in conditions of moderate lighting and at the temperature of 14-16 °С. They are Elodea canadensis, Myriophyllum spicatum, and Ceratophyllum demersum. The model wastewater was represented by dye solutions, such as C.I. Acid Yellow 11, C.I. Acid Blue 120, C.I. Acid Red 1, C.I. Basic Orange 21.

Results.

The newly developed technology of making a composite sorbent from waste is described; its treatment efficiency is analyzed. Experimental values of the phytoremediation potential of aquatic plants are obtained. A hybrid technology for local wastewater treatment, including sorption and phyto-treatment, involving gabions and biological ponds, is proposed. Wastewater is treated in gabions filled with composite sorbent and then poured into bio-ponds with aquatic plants.

Conclusions.

The findings enable researchers to outline areas of further research on optimization of integrated facilities, designated for the local treatment of wastewater, generated by dyeing and finishing facilities.

Introduction.

The authors address the development of river bed deformations under the influence of a water flow in conditions of a changing hydraulic regime and scroll-bar riverbed processes. The relevance of the publication is explained by the unavailability of reliable waterbed shape forecasting methods needed to ensure their normal ecological condition. Meanwhile, the analysis of the motion of solid particles is associated with the sediment flow rate at the level of saltation, and with hydraulic friction losses at the level of microforms. New dependences are proposed for the sizes of bedforms, depending on the parameters of a streamflow.

Materials and methods.

The influence of factors in the form of new dependencies has been proven on the basis of the study of recent and classical research works, an experimental study of the formation and development of the bottom relief in case of a change in the hydraulic regime of the streamflow.

Results.

The author has studied the reasons and conditions for the formation and development of bedforms at the initial stage of interaction between the flow and the riverbed, as well as the factors influencing the formation of the bottom relief which is initially smooth. Structural levels of the waterbed evolution process have been analyzed. The experimental data were analyzed to identify a universal correlation between the flow parameters and the height of the developing bottom microrelief elements, from which the resistance formula is derived that coincides with the Knoroz dependence for steepness of bedforms that complies with the Boussinesq dependence.

Conclusions.

The results of this study can be used to prognosticate the riverbed evolution process in case of changing hydraulic regimes of water flows in the waterbed, composed of erodible soil not only at the initial stage of formation of bedforms, but also in the course of the bottom relief development.