When constructing multi-story and high-rise buildings in limited spaces of large cities due to lack of area for construction, optimal design of enclosing structures that protect against collapse of the excavation pit wall and against technological and non-technological negative impacts on buildings located in the zone of influence of new construction is one of the urgent geotechnical problems. In connection with intensive construction in large cities of Mongolia, the issue of the optimal solution to this problem becomes relevant. This article discusses the results of the calculation and design solution of the enclosing structure erected taking into account the soil conditions of Ulaanbaatar.

Introduction. The problem of studying the process of transformation of a regular rod system from an initial flat state to an arched shape under controlled kinematic action is based on solving a geometrically nonlinear problem of structural mechanics. There is practically no information in the literature on the mathematical modelling of transformable hinge-rod systems, taking into account the shape change, in this regard, the relevant direction is related to the development of engineering techniques for calculating geometrically variable structures using the finite element method.

Materials and methods. This paper presents a technique for finite element modelling of the shape of a regular hexagonal rod lattice using elastic hinges in the nodal joints of beam elements and applying the procedure of incremental kinematic action on contour nodes. Two models of nodal joints are considered: conventional (connecting the displacements and angles of rotation of the nodes of the lattice elements with the corresponding nodes of the joint pads) and with elastic hinges.

Results. A feature of the proposed model of nodal joints of beam end elements is the introduction of six combined elements with different values of linear and rotational stiffness coefficients. Comparative results of computational experiments for lattice models with elastic hinges and without elastic hinges are presented. The simulation results are presented in the form of graphs of the dependence of the “boom” of lifting on the number of transformation steps for various stiffness values of rotary springs.

Conclusions. The proposed direct incremental algorithm for solving a geometrically nonlinear problem is absolutely convergent. Based on the simulation results of the hexagonal lattice shaping process, the hinge-rod joint structure can be designed. The considered transformation of the hexagonal lattice is of particular interest as a 3D art project in the field of architecture and design.

Introduction. In the context of the need to reduce noise from technological equipment, the operation of which requires constant air exchange, there is an increasing interest in ventilated soundproof structures. Special attention is paid to blown noise shields, despite the lack of standardized methods for calculating their acoustic efficiency. Studies of lamellar-type screens capable of combining the functions of noise reduction and ventilation of equipment seem relevant. In this paper, we consider a special case of such a design — a grid with parallel gaps, modeled as a system of thin rigid plates evenly spaced over the entire height of the screen.

Materials and methods. A periodic lattice formed by thin rigid plates evenly spaced with an adjustable pitch is investigated. Numerical simulation was performed in the COMSOL Multiphysics 6.2 software environment using an acoustic module and using the finite element method. Calculations were performed for geometric mean frequencies according to GOST 12090–80:
63, 125, 250, 500 and 1,000 Hz with various combinations of plate lengths and gap widths between them. The acoustic efficiency of the screen was determined as the difference between the average sound pressure levels in the field of screen observation obtained for cases with and without a screen.

Results. Maximum acoustic efficiency is achieved by lengthening the plates in the grated noise shield and reducing the gaps between them. In a number of configurations, the sound pressure level reduction reached 20 dB in the range of medium and high frequencies (250–1,000 Hz). At the same time, at frequencies of 125 Hz and below, the efficiency of the screen is significantly limited by diffraction effects, regardless of geometric parameters. The results confirm that the choice of element length and clearance ratio plays a crucial role in ensuring the required compromise between acoustic efficiency and ventilation of the equipment.

Conclusions. The study confirmed the potential of lattice noise-proof structures as an effective noise reduction tool while maintaining blowability. Currently, there is no single methodology for evaluating the acoustic efficiency of blown screens, which creates difficulties in their design and underlines the relevance of this study.

Introduction. The Spatial Development Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2030 (with a forecast until 2036) has identified the development of key settlements (hereinafter referred as KS) as one of its priorities. Despite the fact that 2,160 KS have already been identified in the Russian Federation, the task of selecting the most priority ones to ensure balanced development remains relevant. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to develop methodological foundations for the formation of KS in the territory of the Russian Federation constituent entity.

Materials and methods. A comprehensive assessment methodology was adapted, including relative value criteria for the selection of territory, allowing the value of a municipal formation to be determined for the subsequent selection of the KS in its territory.

Results. A methodology for determining the KS of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation is demonstrated, and a matrix of priority factors for assessing a territory with the aim of assigning it the status of a key settlement of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation is being developed. As part of the implementation of the developed theoretical and methodological toolkit, presented electronic maps of the comprehensive assessment of the territory of the Rostov region. A settlement system was developed on the example of the village of Belaya Kalitva and the surrounding areas.

Conclusions. The developed toolkit is intended to improve the scientific and methodological framework for making decisions on determining the KS, highlighting priorities for development in the context of limited material and time resources, as well as the instability of the economic situation. The methodological framework is characterized by its universality due to the use of standard methods in a new combination and interpretation.

Introduction. It is emphasized that a shift is required from the paradigm of mobility to the paradigm of accessibility, conceived as a key indicator of urban quality, reflecting the population’s ability to reach spatially distributed destinations and functions within given costs. In the context of Russian cities, particular importance is attached to a comprehensive approach to assessing accessibility, which presupposes the coordinated development of transport infrastructure and the spatial organization of urban territory.

Materials and methods. A review of domestic and international literature has been conducted, approaches to measuring accessibility have been systematized, and a classification of methods into seven groups has been proposed: topological, isoline, potential accessibility (gravitational) methods, balance methods, infrastructure-network methods, spatio-temporal methods, and comprehensive index methods.

Results. It was found that morphological parameters such as density and land-use mix, street connectivity and permeability, block size, and provision of stops and routes significantly influence accessibility levels. Strengths and weaknesses of different methods were summarized. The potential of digital tools was demonstrated for studying the interaction of urban form and transport systems.

Conclusions. The study concludes that accessibility assessment should combine transport and morphological dimensions. For the Russian context, the introduction of indicators sensitive to differences in urban form is considered promising, as it can reveal transport inequality and support evidence-based planning decisions.

Introduction. The relevance of developing the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation is determined by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 645 of October 26, 2020 (as amended on February 27, 2023) “The Strategy for the Development of the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation and Ensuring National Security for the Period until 2035”. The development of the Arctic zone is accompanied by specific risks associated with extreme natural and climatic conditions and the degradation of permafrost. According to various estimates, the air temperature in the Arctic is rising three times faster than the global average, which leads to permafrost subsidence and creates multiple serious environmental and social threats. The construction of civil facilities in such harsh conditions requires a risk management system at the pre-investment stage, which includes the classification of territorial and organizational and technological risks and the assessment of an integral site suitability index.

Materials and methods. This paper presents the main results of research work on the analysis and characterization of territorial and organizational-technological risks in the Arctic. An approach to the multifactorial classification of territorial risks using geoinformation data and expert weighting coefficients is proposed. A scale for the integral suitability index of a territory is also proposed.

Results. A classification of risks for the construction of civil facilities in the Arctic sector of the Russian Federation has been developed. A formula for an integral index of territorial suitability is proposed, taking into account the weight contribution of each category. The application of the methodology is demonstrated using the example of a hypothetical site in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug: the calculated suitability index corresponds to the “significantly hazardous” class and requires adaptation measures.

Conclusions. The developed system allows for the pre-investment stage to plan a qualitative ranking of potential construction sites by risk level and justify decision-making. Its application contributes to improving the safety and sustainability of infrastructure in the Arctic by selecting optimal territories and/or developing protective measures at the pre-investment stage of construction.

Introduction. Buildings of medical institutions are subject to moral and physical deterioration, which makes them unsuitable for modern sanitary and hygienic standards, safety requirements, and more. Capital repair is one of the key solutions to this problem. However, this is a complex process that requires careful consideration of various factors that can affect the effectiveness of the repair. This article aims to explore the approaches to designing medical institutions during capital repair.

Materials and methods. The authors study the regulatory documents for major repairs used in design. They also consider completed and under-construction medical institutions in Moscow and the Moscow Region.

Results. According to the results of the study, the authors identify six key approaches to the design of medical institutions during major repairs: ensuring mechanical, sanitary, hygienic and fire safety; creating a comfortable space; achieving building functionality for effective work organisation; ensuring accessibility of the facility for people with limited mobility; implementation of measures for energy efficiency and rational use of energy resources; compliance with uniform architectural, planning and interior solutions for medical institutions united by a common type or organisational affiliation. Specific examples of the implementation of each of the listed approaches in real projects are given.

Conclusions. To achieve maximum effect in the design of medical facilities during capital repairs, it is recommended to follow these approaches, which can significantly improve the quality of renovated medical institutions, increase the comfort and safety of patients and staff, and help to save resources and extend the life cycle of buildings.

Introduction. Injuries in the construction industry remain a serious problem, especially due to the high risks associated with falls from height, which are often caused by human factors. Systematic and high-quality training of workers is necessary to reduce the level of injuries, but current training programs do not always provide the proper level of awareness of real risks, which emphasizes the importance of studying the effectiveness of existing training methods.

Materials and methods. In order to assess the effectiveness of training, the authors developed a questionnaire and testing to identify workers’ perception of hazards and the level of residual knowledge on labour protection. The results of the questionnaire and testing were processed in Microsoft Office Excel.

Results. Analysis of the questionnaire to identify the attitude of workers to various hazards showed that workers do not find the value of labour protection training. In general, the lack of training is not an important aspect of safety for workers. The conducted correlation analysis of the questionnaire confirms an important relationship that can be traced between different types of labour protection training. Checking the residual knowledge found that the knowledge of workers decreased by more than 30 % in 3–6 months after the last labour protection training. A drop in retained knowledge may indicate insufficient employee motivation, a lack of practical application of the material studied, or that the training was not effective enough. The study showed that often at construction sites, the priority of performing production tasks is set higher than the priority of ensuring one’s own safety. Increasing the priority of personal safety issues is possible by changing approaches to occupational safety training - moving away from formalism of training and adding imitation of the consequences of violations and accident modeling in the process of training workers.

Conclusions. To improve the quality of safety training, it is necessary to introduce practice-oriented approaches, such as interactive practical classes and accident simulation. The “Smart Labour” Polygon offers innovative methods that take into account psychological aspects and allow workers to more deeply absorb knowledge about safety, which contributes to the formation of safe behavior in the workplace.

Introduction. In the technology of construction 3D printing, with large volumes of concreting, it is necessary to ensure technological breaks and divide the object into sections, while the mortar mixture must have time to acquire the bearing capacity of the material when increasing the height of vertical elements. The peculiarity of conducting work using this construction technology results in problems of forming “cold” joints associated with ensuring the strength of the adhesion of adjacent layers while simultaneously regulating the required rheological and technological parameters of materials for 3D printing. Most studies concern the operation of cement systems in comparison with gypsum systems due to the difficulties in regulating the setting time and water resistance of the stone. Active mineral additives are used to regulate the rheological properties of the mortar mixture. Organic additives can increase the strength of adhesion and adhesion, but require compatibility with other groups of additives. This requires studying the effect of an organic modifying additive and a water repellent on the adhesive strength with a concrete base.

Materials and methods. The preparation of the solution mixture and the aqueous solution of the organic polyfunctional additive was carried out according to the established mode, taking into account the complete dispersion of the modifying component in water during the subsequent production and storage of test specimens in accordance with the methodology regulated by regulatory documents.

Results. The test results indicate a decrease in the adhesion of the material to concrete when adding a viscosity modifier when used together with a water repellent, since the interaction at the interface of the mortar mixture with concrete does not ensure the formation of a physical and chemical bond. Also, when introducing a hydrophobic component into the composition of the mortar mixture, a plasticizing effect is observed with an increase in penetrating ability into the inner layers of concrete, which is indicated by changes in the predominantly cohesive nature of the destruction of specimens to adhesive with the appearance of areas with a type of tearing along the base material.

Conclusions. The relevance of ensuring the compatibility of an organic modifier and a water repellent to ensure the adhesive strength of the material in additive construction production is substantiated and confirmed. The relevance of the topic of further work lies in establishing a rational ratio of a water repellent and an organic additive to ensure high values of adhesive strength and penetrating ability of the mortar mixture.

Introduction. This work is dedicated to the study and development of approaches to applying artificial intelligence (AI) technologies for the automation of the development of organizational projects for building reconstruction. The reconstruction of construction objects is a complex and multifaceted process associated with a high degree of uncertainty, the need to consider numerous factors, and strict adherence to regulatory requirements. Given the growing need to optimize design processes and reduce labour costs, there is an objective necessity to create innovative methods that would enhance efficiency and minimize risks related to human error. The relevance of the study is driven by the digitalization of the construction industry, while its novelty lies in the integration of AI with modern design tools. The practical significance of the work is in its potential to improve project quality and reduce time expenditures.

Materials and methods. The study developed a methodology based on the comprehensive use of various types of neural networks adapted for data analysis and design automation. The proposed approach includes the integration of AI technologies with Building Information Modeling (BIM) tools.

Results. The developed methodology enables the creation of highly detailed digital models of objects, which serve as a basis for analysis and decision-making. The work accounts for engineering survey data and current regulatory requirements, ensuring compliance with standards. A concept of an automated system is proposed that combines the processing of large volumes of data, problem forecasting and automatic generation of documentation and is capable of analyzing input data, identifying optimal solutions and proposing options for organizing reconstruction taking into account technical and economic aspects.

Conclusions. The use of AI reduces project development time, improves calculation accuracy, minimizes errors, and ensures more rational resource use. The proposed methodology and system concept open new prospects for the digitalization and automation of the construction industry, contributing to the overall efficiency of reconstruction processes.

Introduction. The rapid growth of AI workloads has shifted the key constraints of data centres from floor space and air cooling to available connection power, heat removal capacity, and water infrastructure. AI-ready is becoming an inherent property of building design: decisions regarding liquid/immersion cooling schemes, heat recovery, redundancy, and commissioning programs must be made at early stages and formalized within design specifications and tolerances.

Materials and methods. A targeted review of publications was conducted, incorporating peer-reviewed papers and relevant standards (EN 50600, ASHRAE TC 9.9 guidelines, ISO/IEC 30134 series). Sources were thematically coded under the categories: “cooling/heat removal”, “power supply”, “water and ecology”, “site layout and configuration”, and “regulations and KPI”.
Analysis was performed as a mapping of “AI requirement → building solution → measurable parameter”, resulting in a correspondence matrix and a risk-mitigation framework structured as “risk → mitigation measure → KPI → acceptance method”. This approach effectively linked academic literature with practical engineering tolerances and testing procedures.

Results. The target architecture for high-density AI clusters requires implementation of liquid cooling circuits with readiness for immersion cooling, validated resilience of power supply against transient loads, establishment of water usage effectiveness (WUE) KPI on par with PUE, and design of interfaces for low-grade heat recovery. Efficiency is enhanced through modularity and factory-built modules, staged power ramp-up, and digital twin technologies. An integrated risk map and a regulatory compliance matrix are proposed, explicitly linking standards to design parameters and acceptance procedures.

Conclusions. “AI-readiness” emerges as the outcome of coordinated organizational and technological construction decisions. A management framework encompassing KPI budgets during design phase, a requirements-compliance matrix, and a stress-testing program ensures reproducibility of target metrics (PUE/WUE/ERE/ERF), control over schedule and cost, and accelerated achievement of designed computational capacity.